Alarmins are a kind of molecules that can be released quickly to activate the immune system. They can trigger an immune response by binding to specific receptors on immune cells, thus playing an important role in tissue injury, infection or inflammation.
definition
Alarmin is a kind of endogenous molecules released rapidly under the stimulation of tissue injury, infection or other inflammation, which can activate the immune system and promote the occurrence and development of inflammatory reaction. Alarmin's main function is to serve as an "alarm signal" of the immune system to remind the body of potential danger or injury, thus starting the immune defense mechanism.
characteristic
Quick release:Alarmin is usually released quickly in a short time after tissue injury or infection. This rapid response enables the immune system to perceive and respond to potential threats in time.
Activation of immune cells: Alarmin activates a variety of immune cells, including T cells, B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs) and natural lymphocytes (ILCs) by binding to specific receptors on immune cells. This activation can enhance the function of immune cells and promote the occurrence of inflammatory reaction.
Promote inflammatory reaction: The release of alarm element can induce the production of various inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines, chemokines and chemokines. These inflammatory mediators further amplify the inflammatory reaction and attract more immune cells to the damaged parts, thus enhancing the immune defense.
Multi-source: Alarmin can be released by many cell types, including epithelial cells, endothelial cells, macrophages, dendritic cells and fibroblasts. This multi-source nature enables alertin to play a role in different tissues and organs.
Diversity: Alarmin family contains many different molecules, which have certain differences in structure and function, but all have the ability to activate the immune system. Common alarm elements include:
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP)：It is mainly released by epithelial cells and some stromal cells, activating dendritic cells and T cells.
IL-33：It is mainly released by epithelial cells and endothelial cells, which activates natural lymphocytes (ILCs) and T cells.
IL-25：It is mainly released by specific epithelial cell subsets (such as brush cells) and activates natural lymphocytes (ILCs).
TL1A：It is mainly released by epithelial cells, endothelial cells and some immune cells, and activates various immune cells.
mechanism of action
Alarmin activates downstream signal pathways by binding to specific receptors on immune cells, thus triggering a series of immune responses.
TSLP：It can promote the maturation of dendritic cells and the activation of T cells by activating TSLPR-IL-7Ra receptor.
IL-33：It can promotes the activation of natural lymphocytes (ILCs) and T cells by activating ST2 receptor.
IL-25：It promotes the activation of natural lymphocytes (ILCs) by activating the heterodimer receptor composed of IL-17RA and IL-17RB.
TL1A：By binding to DR3 receptor, it activates a variety of immune cells, including T cells, natural lymphocytes (ILCs) and macrophages.
Clinical relevance
Alarmin plays an important role in many inflammatory and immune-related diseases, including allergic diseases, such as asthma, allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis. Autoimmune diseases: such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Chronic inflammatory diseases: such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and chronic kidney disease.
Therapeutic potential
Because of the key role of alertin in inflammation and immune response, the therapeutic strategies for alertin are being actively studied. For example, anti-TSLP monoclonal antibodies are used to treat asthma and allergic diseases; Anti-IL-33 monoclonal antibody is used to treat asthma, psoriasis and inflammatory bowel disease. Anti-TL1A monoclonal antibody is used to treat inflammatory bowel disease and asthma.
In a word, alertin is an important immunoregulatory molecule, which plays a key role in many inflammatory and immune-related diseases. Through in-depth study of the mechanism and function of alertin, it is expected to develop new therapeutic strategies and provide new hope for the treatment of related diseases.
references
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2025.02.018
Disclaimer: This article is only for the purpose of knowledge exchange and sharing and popular science, and does not involve commercial propaganda, and is not used as relevant medical guidance or medication advice. If the article is infringing, please contact to delete it.
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